It’s extremely rare, but a judge can dismiss a criminal case in Massachusetts if the prosecution fails to provide evidence (i.e., “discovery”).
The key cases on this issue is Commonwealth v. Washington W., 462 Mass. 204 (2012)
On page 215 of that opinion, the Supreme Judicial Court holds:
[D]ismissal of a criminal case is a remedy of last resort because it precludes a public trial and terminates criminal proceedings…We affirm such dismissals only where there is egregious prosecutorial or police misconduct and prejudice to the defendant’s right to a fair trial, and where the dismissal is necessary to cure the prejudice.” (Citations and quotations omitted.)